Understanding a Script

Developers creating login systems know better than to store passwords in plain text, usually storing hashes of a password to prevent storing the credentials in a way a hacker could steal. Due to the way hashes work, not all are created equal. Some are more vulnerable than othe ...more

Welcome back! In the last iteration of how to train your python, we covered error detection and handling. Today we'll be diverging from this and discussing functions. More specifically, we'll be creating our own functions. First we'll need to understand exactly what a function ...more

Hi all, Pro Hackers/Crackers, Let's see how we can use batch for our own Protection instead of exploiting someone with it. And this tutorial is going to explain the same. #1 Protection, PC Security: I will tell you how to add another level of security to your PC, instead of j ...more

After you have registered to this site,sign in then to start missions. Basic Missions as you see in the pic in the challenges you can choose any missions but i start from basics. after you go to basic missions(it contains 11 missions) you will see this pic. go to basic 1 St ...more

Open-source intelligence researchers and hackers alike love social media for reconnaissance. Websites like Twitter offer vast, searchable databases updated in real time by millions of users, but it can be incredibly time-consuming to sift through manually. Thankfully, tools li ...more

The newest version of macOS has arrived. While everyone's mind is being blown by Mojave's groundbreaking new Dark Mode, we'll be taking advantage of its insecure file permissions to establish a persistent backdoor with a self-destructing payload that leaves little evidence for ...more

The ability to stay organized and be resourceful with data gathered from recon is one of the things that separates the true hackers from the script kiddies. Metasploit contains a built-in database that allows for efficient storage of information and the ability to utilize that ...more

Have you ever browsed through Lenses on Snapchat and got bummed out when the app recommends that you "try this with a friend" and you're all alone? Well, now you can take AR snaps with your cat! The new Lenses for cats and their humans reside in the carousel alongside all of ...more

The one thing that separates a script kiddy from a legitimate hacker or security professional is the ability to program. Script kiddies use other people's tools, while hackers and security pros write their own tools. To that end, we're going to see how a stack overflow vulnera ...more

Welcome back! In our last training session, we covered some advanced list topics. We'll be going deeper into the advanced list rabbit hole today with lambda and lambda operators! (And I'm not talking about Gordan Freeman) We'll start by explaining lambda and giving an example ...more

Welcome fellow Null-Byters! I would suggest you watch reading my last tutorial before we begin. In our last adventure, we began making a simple, ugly website. If we want it to make it look good, we should add some styling. But first, we need to understand the basics. What Is ...more

Welcome back Hackers\Newbies! Hey guys first of all I would like to explain my absence here in NullByte. I got a little "occupied" with "other things". When I got back, I saw all these HowTo's, articles, Help Questions, I decided, I need to share more of what I have, to you g ...more

Welcome back, my aspiring hackers! Although this article may have been better placed first in this series, I doubt that anyone would have read it when just starting out studying Linux. Now, that you are well into your Linux studies and have some familiarity with how it operat ...more

The term "hacker" often has negative associations attached to it, yet the world is in dire need of professionals with hacking skills. White hat hackers are ethical computer hackers that use their hacking skills to pinpoint network vulnerabilities and patch them up before they ...more

QR codes are everywhere, from product packaging to airline boarding passes, making the scanners that read them a juicy target for hackers. Thanks to flaws in many of these proprietary scanning devices, it's possible to exploit common vulnerabilities using exploits packed into ...more

There are many ways to attack a Wi-Fi network. The type of encryption, manufacturer settings, and the number of clients connected all dictate how easy a target is to attack and what method would work best. Wifite2 is a powerful tool that automates Wi-Fi hacking, allowing you t ...more

For anyone using open source information to conduct an investigation, a balance between powerful tools and privacy controls are a must. Buscador is a virtual machine packed full of useful OSINT tools and streamlined for online research. This program can easily be set up in Vir ...more

JavaScript is one of the most common languages used on the web. It can automate and animate website components, manage website content, and carry out many other useful functions from within a webpage. The scripting language also has many functions which can be used for malicio ...more

Open-source data scraping is an essential reconnaissance tool for government agencies and hackers alike, with big data turning our digital fingerprints into giant neon signs. The problem is no longer whether the right data exists, it's filtering it down to the exact answer you ...more

Many of our members here at Null Byte are aspiring hackers looking to gain skills and credentials to enter the most-valued profession of the 21st century. Hackers are being hired by IT security firms, antivirus developers, national military and espionage organizations, private ...more

Welcome back, my greenhorn hackers, and happy New Year! Now that your heads have recovered from your New Year's Eve regaling, I'd like to grab your attention for just a moment to preview 2015 here at Null Byte. I hope you will add your comments as to what you would like to se ...more

No website, service, or platform is immune to being abused or exploited by hackers, and Google Analytics is no exception. To better understand how Google Analytics can help deliver payloads and bypass security protocols, one might want to learn how to use Google Analytics from ...more

Amazon Web Services (AWS) opened its re:INVENT developers expo with a bang by launching Amazon Sumerian, a new tool that could become the dominant platform for building cross-platform augmented and virtual reality applications. Available now as a preview, Amazon Sumerian is a ...more

Hi Message: I said quite a while ago I needed a break, and it looks like that break is over, because here I am. I dont want to ramble on unnecessary things that doesn't need explanation. I needed time off to sort something out irl, and i'll be returning slowly but surely now ...more

First, I want to give credit to the author where I first found how to do this: Astr0baby's Blog. This article was dated, so I took the script on his page and reworked it to make it work today. (I also included the way to make it hide the cmd line popup.) Requirements Kali (or ...more

Data can be injected into images quickly without the use of metadata tools. Attackers may use this knowledge to exfiltrate sensitive information from a MacBook by sending the pictures to ordinary file-sharing websites. Continuing on the topics of DPI evasion, payload obfuscat ...more

Coinhive, a JavaScript cryptocurrency miner, was reportedly discovered on the BlackBerry Mobile website. It was placed there by hackers who exploited a vulnerability in the site's e-commerce software that allowed them to anonymously mine cryptocurrency every time the website w ...more

Format strings are a handy way for programmers to whip up a string from several variables. They are designed to save the programmer time and allow their code to look much cleaner. Unbeknownst to some programmers, format strings can also be used by an attacker to compromise the ...more

Have you ever used an open wifi, which after you connect displays a website to enter your credentials to get internet? That website is called captive portal and widely used in airports, hotels, universities etc. Have you ever wondered what would happen if someone would set up ...more

When we think about operating systems, we tend to view them from the perspective of a user. After all, most of us have spent a substantial amount of time on our computers, and so we've become more than acquainted with the ins and outs of whatever system we have running on our ...more

Smartphones and laptops are constantly sending Wi-Fi radio signals, and many of these signals can be used to track us. In this guide, we'll program a cheap IoT device in Arduino to create hundreds of fake networks with common names; This will cause nearby devices to reveal the ...more

Using Hydra, Ncrack, and other brute-forcing tools to crack passwords for the first time can be frustrating and confusing. To ease into the process, let's discuss automating and optimizing brute-force attacks for potentially vulnerable services such as SMTP, SSH, IMAP, and FTP ...more

Hackers often rely on lazy system admins and unpatched vulnerabilities to get access to a host. Keeping intruders off of our machines requires us to update daily, only run the services we need, and read the code, among other things, but we can still make mistakes. Luckily for ...more

In the previous article, we learned how to set up our VPS, configure our PHP server, and developed an in-depth understanding of how the payload works. With all that taken care of, we can get into disguising our payload to appear as an image and crafting the note in the greetin ...more

On Thursday, Snapchat opened up its walled garden of World Lenses to the masses of creators with the launch of Lens Studio. Available as a free application for PCs and Macs, Lens Studio is billed as powerful enough for experienced developers to import their own 3D animations, ...more

Welcome back, everyone! In this lesson, I'm going to go over the use of the echo function and variables, as well as basic syntax. You will need: A text editor - I personally recommend the free (and amazing) Notepad ++, but you can use any text editor you want, even Windows' ...more

Very often we have processes in Linux that we want to always run in the background at startup. These would be processes that we need to start at bootup and always be available to us. If we are running a Linux distribution with a GUI (graphical user interface) like Kali or Ubu ...more

Welcome back! In our last training session we covered classes and how OOP can make programming/scripting easier. Today we'll be taking a breather and covering something fairly simple, bitwise operators. Bitwise operators are relatively simple. Essentially, when we use bitwise ...more

Right, So i've been asking alot of questions here on Null-Byte and everyone has been really helpful to me. So i thought i'd try and give back with one of the first Programing Lang i started with. I know many people of Null-Byte are most likely past the points i am going to ta ...more

Welcome back! Sorry I've been gone for so long, but if anyone has been keeping up with these articles, you'll know that when I get quiet, something is cooking under the surface. In other words, I've been working on a project lately, so I haven't had much time! When I was thin ...more

Managing hard drives in Linux is crucial to understanding your system and its operation as well as understanding the system you are exploiting or conducting a forensic analysis on. Linux has numerous commands that can provide us with information, control, and management of har ...more

If you have never heard of a Virtual Machine (VM) before you might think it to be some new kind of gamers virtual reality system, and that would be incorrect. A virtual machine is a Virtually a real computer that exists inside of your own computer. You can run Kali inside of a ...more

In the second part of this tutorial, we are going to crack the hashes that we've captured previously. I'm going to explain how to do it with the powerful John the Ripper. It comes with Kali by default, so no need to install! Using John the Ripper If you don't know nothing ab ...more

In this article, I'll be continuing my series on microcontrollers. If you haven't read part one, I'd recommend heading over there and reading it! So How Does Arduino Think? Arduino is programmed with ones and zeros, but hopefully that's not how we programmers have to write t ...more

The amount of information we see on a daily basis is overwhelming. Then there's all the data we never even see. If your career depends on making sense of all of this information, you need to understand the programs that do the heavy lifting. Apache Spark and Hadoop are two im ...more

Regardless of whether you're an aspiring or established coding pro, knowing just one or two programming languages and platforms is no longer sufficient if you want to be truly competitive in an increasingly popular and lucrative field. But before you spend an excessive amount ...more

More information is available to us now than ever before. We simply cannot make sense of so much data on our own. Thankfully, we have programs to do the heavy lifting for us. Apache Spark and Python are two important resources for making sense of Big Data. Spark's open-source ...more

While we haven't covered Amazon Web Services, or AWS, on Null Byte before, Amazon's cloud computing platform is ripe for attack by hackers, pentesters, and cybersecurity researchers. It's also an excellent cloud hosting service to build or use vulnerable-by-design AWS setups a ...more

Web application firewalls are one of the strongest defenses a web app has, but they can be vulnerable if the firewall version used is known to an attacker. Understanding which firewall a target is using can be the first step to a hacker discovering how to get past it — and wha ...more

Gathering information on an online target can be a time-consuming activity, especially if you only need specific pieces of information about a target with a lot of subdomains. We can use a web crawler designed for OSINT called Photon to do the heavy lifting, sifting through UR ...more

Gmail conversations, Facebook private messages, and personal photos can all be viewed by a hacker who has backdoor access to a target's Mac. By livestreaming the desktop or exfiltrating screenshots, this information can be used for blackmail and targeted social engineering att ...more

In most macOS hacks, a non-root terminal is used to create a backdoor into the device. A lot of damage can be done as a low-privileged user, but it has its limitations. Think twice before granting a file permission to execute — an attacker might be able to convert your harmles ...more

While our time with the Protostar VM from Exploit Exercises was lovely, we must move on to bigger things and harder challenges. Exploit Exercises' Fusion VM offers some more challenging binary exploitation levels for us to tackle. The biggest change is that these levels are al ...more

After a long hiatus, we shall once again emerge from the shadowy depths of the internet to build an exploit. This time, we'll be looking at how to defeat a non-executable stack by using the ret2libc technique — a lean, mean, and brilliant way of exploiting a stack overflow vul ...more

Steganography is the art of hiding information in plain sight, and in this tutorial, I'll show you how to use Steghide — a very simple command line tool to do just that. In addition, I'll go over a bit of conceptual background to help you understand what's going on behind the ...more

So much information exists online that it's easy to get lost in data while researching. Understanding the bigger picture can take a lot of time and energy, but narrowing the question to one that's easy to answer is the first step of any investigation. That's why analysts use o ...more

Way back, life on the range was tough and unforgiving for a HoloLens developer. Air-tap training was cutting edge and actions to move holograms not called "TapToPlace" were exotic and greeted with skepticism. The year was 2016, and developers had to deploy to their devices to ...more

Hello friends. This is actually my first how to. In this tutorial I'll be teaching how to simply copy someone's WhatsApp pictures gallery into your computer, in an automated way. It is just an example of how easy is to steal data from someone's smartphone. I am covering Whats ...more

INTRODUCTION Hello dear null_byters here we go again with our third part of this serie. in this third part of our series I'd like to do a demonstration or continuation on fuzzing, but I think I should leave for later because the next tutorials about fuzzing will require from ...more

Since I first announced the new Null Byte recognition for excellence a few weeks ago, several of you have written me asking, "How can I study for this certification exam, and what material will be covered on the exam?" Now I have an answer for you. The White Hat Hacker Associa ...more